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Nurseinfo.in provides free Nursing Notes, Nursing Procedures, Medical MCQs, Nursing Calculators, Care Plans and exam preparation resources for BSc Nursing, GNM, P.B. BSc and MSc Nursing students. Browse subject-wise notes, previous year questions and study materials based on the latest nursing syllabus.
Bed bath means bathing a patient who is confined to bed and cannot have the physical and mental capability of self-bathing. This procedure is often used for bedridden or immobile patients.
BED BATH DEFINITION
Bath is the act of cleaning the body. Baths are given for therapeutic purposes
Purposes
To cleanse body of dirt, debris and
perspiration
To refresh
To stimulate circulation
To provide comfort and relaxation
To enhance self-concept
To provide tactile stimulation
To facilitate head to be assessment
To regulate body temperature
To induce sleep
To prevent pressure sore
To remove toxic substances from body
surface
To maintain an effective
nurse-patient relationship
To give health instruction to patient
To remove unpleasant odors due to
perspiration
To relieve fatigue
To prevent contractures by giving
exercises
To minimize the skin irritation
Types of Patients Needing Bed Bath
Unconscious or semiconscious patients
Postoperative patients
Patients with strict bed rest
Paraplegic patients
Orthopedic patients in plaster – cast
and traction
Seriously ill patients
Types of Cleansing Bath
Bed bath: it is the bathing of a patient who is confined to bed
Therapeutic bath: doctor specifies the temperature of the water, medications to be added and the body part to be treated
Partial bath: it is the act of cleaning particular areas in the body part. They are face, axilla, and genitalia, upper and lower-limbs
Self-administered bath: this is same as in bed bath except the patient is assisting in taking bath
Tub bath or bath room bath: this bath is allowed to the patient only if he has enough confidence for self-help and to withstand procedure
Scientific Principles
Heat is conveyed to the body by
convection
The tolerance of heat is different in
different persons
The skin is sometimes irritated by
the chemical composition of certain soaps
Moving the joints through their full
range of movement helps prevent loss of muscle tone and improves circulation
Long smooth strokes on the arms and
legs that are directed from the distal end to proximal increases the rate of
venous flow
Healthy unbroken skin is a defense
against harmful agents and assures resistance to injuries to a certain extent
Hygiene practices vary in society
according to the socioeconomic standard and culture of the individual
Practice of food technique save time,
energy material and adds to the comfort of the patient
Sensory receptors in the skin are
sensitive to heat, pains, touch and pressure
Factors Affecting the Skin
Impaired self-care
Immobilization
Exposure to pressure and moisture
Vascular insufficiency
Reduced sensation
Nutritional alternation
Constrictive external devices
General Instructions
Explain the procedure to the patient
Maintain privacy of the patient
Put off the fans and close the
windows and doors to avoid chill
Do not give bath immediately after
the lunch
Cleaning is to be done from the
cleanest area to the less clean area
The temperature of the water should
be 110 – 115 degree F
A thorough inspection of the skin and
back is necessary to find out early signs of pressure sore
Use soap which contains less alkali
Special attention must be given to
the creases and folds and bony prominences between fingers and toes and pubic
region
Remove the soap completely to avoid
the drying effect of the soap on the skin
Do not touch the body with wet hands
it is unpleasant to the patient
Creams or oils used to prevent drying
or excoriation of the skin
The nurse should maintain good
posture and balances of the body during bed bath
Preliminary Assessment
Identify the patient and assess the
need
Check doctors order for any specific
precautions
Assess the general condition of the
patient
Assess the patient’s ability of
self-help
Assess the patient’s mental status to
follow directions
Check the patient’s preference for
soap, powder, etc
Check whether the patient has taken
the meal in the previous one hour
Find out the available articles in
the unit
Provide privacy avoid draught and
maintain proper light
Teach the patient and relatives about
personal hygiene
Preparation of the Patient and Environment
Explain the sequence of the procedure
to the patient
Close the windows and doors to
prevent draughts put off the skin
Arrange the necessary articles at the
bedside
Maintain the room temperature which
will be must comfortable for patient
Adjust the height of the bed to the
comfortable work of the nurse
Bring the patient to the edge of the
bed and towards the nurse to prevent overreaching
Provide privacy by means of curtains
Offer bed pan or urinals if necessary
Keep the patient flat if the
condition permits remove extra pillows and back rest
Remove the personal clothing and
cover the patient with the bath blankets
Equipment
Basins – 2 (big land small 1)
Soap and soap dish
Wash cloth – 2
Bath touch – 2
Face towel – 1
Bath blanket of sheet – 1
Surgical spirit and powder
Nail cutter
Comb and oil
Kidney tray or paper bag
Jugs – 2
Bucket – 1
Clean bed linen
Clean dress to patient
Bucket or a laundry bag
Bath thermometer – 1
Procedure
Explain the procedure
Remove the patients dress, cover with
bath sheet while removing top sheet and dress
Mix hot and cold water in basin half
full and check the temperature on the back of your hand
Spread face towel around neck
Wet sponge towel and form mitten
around gingers after removing excess water
Clean body in following
Face
Wet and apply soap to forehead, face,
over and behind ear and neck
Clean eyes from inner to outer
canthus
Rinses sponge towel and allow patient
to wipe face
Dry with face towel, replace at head
end of bed
Arms
Place towel lengthwise under the
farthest arm if there is IV do not disturb it
Take soapy bath mitt and soap the arm
and axilla
Massage the pressure areas
Place the hand in basin of water to
wash
Rinse and dry well, paying attention
to skin under breast
Recover with towel
Chest
Avoid unnecessary exposure
Cover chest with towel and turn bath
sheet down to abdomen
Wet chest and apply soap in rotatory movement, paying attention to skin creases
Remove soap thoroughly by wiping from
neck to check
Dry with bath towel
Abdomen
Fold top sheet up to suprapubic region
cover the chest with bath towel
Wet and clean abdomen with soap
Clean umbilicus and dry with bath
towel
Cover the patient with top water and
remove towels
Back
Turn the patient on side or left
lateral position. Close to edge of bed, with back towards nurse
Expose back including buttocks,
spread bath towel on bed, close the patients back
Wet the area and apply soap with
rotatory movements clean and remove soap and dry the area
Give massage by applying firm
pressure with palms and fingers from sacrum to shoulder in sequence, covering
whole back
Help the patient to return to supine
position
Legs
Uncover the farthest leg and place
towel under leg
Apply soap to the leg and give
special attention to the groin
Massage the pressure points
Place foots in basin of water to wash
Rinse and dry well, paying special
attention in between the toes
Repeat the procedures on the near leg
Pubic Region
Clean pubic region with wet large rag
piece (for helpless patient)
Permit patient to clean if so desired
Discard rag pieces into large K-basin
Give perineal care for helpful
patient
After Care
Provide clean gown and pajama
Replace articles after cleaning
Discard dirty water in sluice room
Clean the bed linen if needed
Offer a hot drink (coffee or tea) if permitted
Position the patient for comfortable and proper alignment
Cut short the finger nails and toe nails
Comb the hair and arrange the hair
Hand wash
Record the procedure in the nurse’s record with time, date, type and abnormalities noticed
BED BATH – Definition, Purpose. Equipment , Procedure, After care BED BATH – Definition, Purpose. Equipment , Procedure, After care
Here are key points to keep in mind when conducting a bed bath:
Patient Dignity and Privacy:
Always prioritize the patient’s dignity and privacy. Use curtains or doors to create a private space, and communicate with the patient throughout the process.
Hand Hygiene:
Wash your hands thoroughly before starting the bed bath, and wear disposable gloves throughout the procedure to prevent the spread of infection.
Gather Supplies:
Collect all necessary supplies before beginning the bed bath, including soap, washcloths, towels, gloves, moisturizer, and any specialized cleansing products.
Maintain a Comfortable Environment:
Ensure the room is warm and comfortable to prevent the patient from getting chilled during the bed bath.
Explain the Procedure:
Communicate with the patient, explaining each step of the bed bath to ensure their understanding and cooperation. Obtain verbal consent before proceeding.
Adapt to Patient’s Abilities:
If the patient is able, encourage them to participate in the bed bath as much as possible. Adapt the procedure based on the patient’s level of mobility and comfort.
Use Warm Water:
Use warm water for the bed bath to enhance the patient’s comfort. Check the water temperature to prevent burns.
Address Specific Areas:
Cleanse the patient’s face, upper body, lower body, and perineal area systematically. Pay attention to skin folds, underarms, and areas prone to moisture.
Be Gentle and Thorough:
Be gentle when washing the patient’s skin, especially if they have fragile or sensitive skin. Thoroughly clean and dry all areas to prevent skin issues.
Perineal Care:
If performing perineal care, use a separate washcloth and follow proper hygiene practices. Always maintain the patient’s dignity during this part of the bed bath.
Moisturize Dry Skin:
Apply a mild lotion or moisturizer to dry skin, especially in areas prone to dryness. Be mindful of the patient’s preferences and any existing skin conditions.
Document Observations:
Document any observations, changes in skin condition, or concerns during the bed bath in the patient’s medical chart.
Adapt to Cultural Sensitivities:
Respect and consider the patient’s cultural background and personal preferences during the bed bath. Adapt the procedure as needed to accommodate individual beliefs and practices.
Ensure Safety:
Be aware of the patient’s safety throughout the procedure. Use bed rails or assistive devices as necessary to prevent falls or injuries.
Maintain Professionalism:
Approach the bed bath with professionalism, empathy, and a caring attitude. Respond to the patient’s needs and concerns with compassion.
A bedsore or pressure sore decubitus ulcer is an ulcer
occurring on the skin of any bed-ridden patient, particularly over bony
prominences or where two skin surfaces press against each other
Bedsore is a term applied to the local gangrene or ulcer
caused by certain conditions associated with the confinement of bed. Due to
constant pressure, circulation becomes slow and finally death of tissues occurs
Definitions
Pressure injury: a localized injury to the skin and/or underlying tissue usually over a bony prominence, as a result of pressure, shear and/or friction, or a combination of these factors
pH: a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with 7 being neutral, greater than 7 is more alkaline and less than 7 is more acidic
Blanching erythema: reddened skin that blanches white under light pressure
Risk assessment scale: a formal scale or score used to help determine the degree of pressure injury risk. At the Royal Children’s Hospital the Glamorgan Risk Assessment Scale is currently used
Shear: it is a mechanical force created from parallel loads that cause the body to slide against resistance between the skin and a contact surface. The outer layers of the skin (the epidermis and dermis) remain stationary while deep fascia moves with the skeleton, creating distortion in the blood vessels between the dermis and deep fascia. This leads to thrombosis and capillary occlusion
Friction: it is a mechanical force that occurs when two surfaces move across one another, creating resistance between the skin and contact surface that leads shear
Extrinsic factors: originating outside of the body
Intrinsic factors originating within the body
Moisture: alters resilience of the epidermis to external forces by causing maceration, particularly when the skin is exposed for prolonged periods. Moisture can occur due to split fluids, incontinence, wound exudates and perspiration
Aims: the primary objectives are to promote prevention of pressure injuries and provide optimal care to patients at risk of, or with existing pressure injuries. The guideline specifically seeks to assist health professionals to:
Improve knowledge of the underlying
physiology of pressure injury formation
Recognize factors which contribute to
pressure injuries
Identify high risk patients
Implement and document intervention
and prevention strategies
Prevent or delay complications
associated with pressure injuries
Optimize management of pressure
injuries
Provide adequate parent and care
education
Purpose
To improve circulation
To facilitate healing
To prevent infection
To prevent further damage
To treat bedsores
Clients Susceptible to Bedsores
Actually ill clients, whose general
condition is rapidly deteriorating
Elderly bedridden clients who make
very little movements in bed
Obese clients
Very thin and emaciated clients, having
very little subcutaneous tissue to pad the bony prominences
Sedated clients who have suffered
spinal cord injuries
Paralyzed clients, who have suffered
spinal cord injuries
Neurologic clients with lack of
sensations that they cannot feel any irritation of the skin
Edematous clients especially those
with edema of the sacrum and buttocks
Malnourished clients with protein and
vitamin deficiencies
Agitated clients in restraints
Surgical clients with limited
movements
Clients on complete bed rest or with
limited movements
Cause of Pressure Sores
Direct or immediate cause: the
pressure is caused by the weight of the body continuously remaining in one
position, splints, casts and bandages
Friction: friction of the skin with
rough bedding causes injury to the skin. The friction is caused by wrinkles in
the bed cloths, cramps of food in the bed, chipped or rough bed pans and hand
surfaces of plaster casts and splints
Moisture: the skin contact with
moisture for a prolong period can lead maceration of the skin
Pressure of pathogenic organisms due
to unhygienic condition pathogenic organism multiplies and infection settles on
the skin
Predisposing Factors
Patient with long term illness,
fracture patients
Patients with spinal injury
Paralysis and limited movements
Emaciated and malnourished patients
Elderly with circulatory problems
Obese patients
Edematous patients
Patients with incontinence
Diabetic patients with ulcers
(diabetic foot)
Common Sites Liable to Get Bedsore
In supine position: occiput, scaptula,
sacral region, hips and elbow
In side lying position: ears,
acromion process of shoulder, ribs, greater trochanter of hips medial and
lateral condyles of knee and malleolus of ankle joint
In prone position: ears cheeks
acromion process, breast in female genitalia, knees and toes
Clinical Manifestations of Pressure Sore
Redness, heat, tenderness, and
discomfort in the area
The area becomes cold to touch and
insensitive
Local edema
Later, the area becomes blue, purple
of mottled
Due to continued pressure that
circulation is cut off, the gangrene develops and affected area is sloughed
Preventive Measures of Bedsores
Confirm the high-risk patients and
daily examination for the signs and symptoms
Relieve pressure by using special
mattress, beds and comfort devices
Change position and giving back care
four times a day for all bedridden patients
Loosening tight bandages and
restraints
Avoid friction by providing smooth,
firm and wrinkle free bed, keep the
bottom clothes free from crumbs and foreign bodies
Prevent moisture by changing linen
when, it is wet or soiled. Giving back care to patients immediately following
micturition and defecation
Avoid mechanical or physical injury
to the skin from improper fitting of prosthesis or from burns caused by
excessively hot or cold applications
Use a bed cradle to lift the weight
of bed linen off the patient to enable him or her to move in bed freely
Supply well-balanced diet and
adequate fluids to maintain general health of the patient
Stages/Degree of Pressure Sores Based on
The early symptoms of pressure sore are redness, tenderness,
discomfort, and smarting. The area becomes cold to touch and insensitive. There
is local edema. Later the area becomes blue, purple or muted. Due to continued
pressure, the circulation is cut off, the gangrene develops and the affected
area is sloughed off
Clinical Manifestations
First degree: the skin is red, tender, inflamed and painful
Second degree: the skin is blue or mottled insensitive, circulation cut off, gangrene develops and epidermis breaks
Third degree: suppuration and sloughing occurs which may burrow right down to the bones
Curative Measures Based on Degrees of Pressure Sores
First degree: detect the early signs and symptoms of bedsore and report them to the sister in charge and the doctor
Carry out all the preventive measure with special care to
prevent extension of bedsore and further occurrence of pressure sores
While giving back care/massage, do not over the reddened or
inflamed area itself but start just outside the affected area and move outwards
in a circle using circular motion
Consult the doctor for further treatment
Second degree: if the pressure sore is blue or mottled insensitive, circulation cut off gangrene develops or epidermis breaks
The treatment included:
Inform and report to the ward sister
and physician
Prevent and ulcerated area from
infection
Use normal saline for cleaning the
area
Sloughing is more; use hydrogen
peroxide solution also for cleaning, cut off the slough
Apply heat for healing of the wound.
Use 100 watt electric bulb for 10 minutes
Apply zinc oxide ointment on the
surface of the wound
Third degree: if the bedsore is suppuration and sloughing occurs which may burrow right down to the bones
Inform and report to the ward sister
and physician
To treat infection, apply soframycin
ointment locally and give systemic antibiotics after culture and sensitivity
Provide nutritious diet (high in
protein and vitamins) sunlight and fresh air
If slough is present, clean the wound
with hydrogen peroxide twice daily if the slough is loose, it may be cut off
If there is delay in wound healing,
skin grafting can be done
After Care
Place the patient in comfortable
position
Use proper and adequate comfort
devices
Change the patient’s position at
frequent intervals
Remove the articles from the bedside
and replace it in a proper place
Hand washing
Recording and reporting-date time, type of pressure sore and treatment in the nurses record
CARE OF PRESSURE PONTS / BED SORE – Definition, Purpose, Cause, Prevention, Clinical Manifestations, After care
Perineal care defined as clean the perineum from the cleanest
to the less clean area, the urethral orifice to the anal orifice
Perineal care includes the external genitalia and surrounding
area. During perineal care, clean the area around the urinary meatus before
cleaning the area around the anus
Purpose
To prevent sepsis
To remove discharges and prevent bad
odor
To relieve itching
To promote healing of stitches
To promote comfort
Washing a Woman’s Perineum
Fill the basin with clean warm water. Fold the towel in hair.
Ask or help the woman to lift her buttocks. Put the towel under the buttocks.
Ask the woman to bend her knees and spread her legs. With a soapy washcloth in
one hand, separate the labia (“lips” of the vagina) with the other hand. Wash
the labia from front to back. Do not touch the anus with the washcloth. Germs
from the anus could get into the vagina and cause an infection
Rinse the washcloth and remove the soap from the perineum. It
is important to remove all the soap because it can irritate the skin. Dry the
area with a dry towel. Do not put powder on the perineum because the powder may
harden
Wash the anus next. Ask the woman to turn onto her side so
that she is facing away from you. Ask her to rise up her top leg. This will let
you see and clean the skin around the anus. Slide the towel under the woman’s
buttocks. Use toilet paper or a paper towel to remove BM that may be on the
skin. You need to wet the toilet paper or paper towel if the BM has dried.
Throw the toilet paper or paper towel away in a trash bag. Wash, rinse, and dry
the anal area.
Washing a Man’s Perineum
Empty the dirty water into the sink. Fill the basin with
clean warm water. Ask or help the man to lie on his back. Fold the towel in
half and put in under the man’s buttocks. Ask the man to bend his knees
slightly and spread his legs. Hold the penis with one hand. With the other
hand, wash the tip of the penis with a soapy washcloth. Rinse the washcloth and
remove the soap from the penis
If the man has a foreskin, gently push it back. The foreskin
is the skin that covers the rounded end of the penis. Wash the end of the
penis. Rinse the washcloth and remove the soap from the end of the penis
Using a soapy washcloth, wash the rest of the penis and the
scrotum. The scrotum is the bag of skin that hangs under the penis. Rinse and
dry well
The anus should be washed next. Ask the man to turn onto his
side with the top leg raised. This will let you see and clean the anal area
easier. Fold the towel in half and put it under the man’s buttocks. Use toilet
paper or a paper towel to remove BM that may be on the skin. You may need to
wet the toilet paper or paper towel if the BM has dried. Throw the toilet paper
or paper towel away in a trash bag. Wash, rinse and dry the anal area
Perineum Care for Special Group of Patients
Unable to do self-care or bedridden
patients
After surgery on the genitourinary
system
Patients with indwelling catheters
Patients with excessive vaginal
discharges
Postpartum patients
Incontinence of urine and stool
Genitourinary tract infections
Preliminary Assessment
Check
Doctors order for any specific
instruction
Assess the condition of the perineal
skin-itching, irritation, ulcers, edema, drainage, etc
Assess the need and frequency of care
Assess the self-care ability of the
patients
Mental state to follow instructions
Articles available in the patients
unit
Preparation of the Patient and the Environment
Explain the sequence of the procedure
Provide privacy
Arranged the needed articles at the
bed side
Place the Mackintosh under the
buttocks, over the draw sheet
Place a clean bedpan on the bed on
your working side
Unite the pads – if any, and observe
the discharges its color, odor, amount, etc
Equipment
A tray containing:
Mackintosh
A jug with warm water or antiseptic
solution
Wet cotton balls or rag pieces in a
bowl
Gauze or rag pieces in a container
Long artery forceps in the kidney
tray
Paper bag
Clean (personal and bed linen)
dressing pads, etc. as needed
Soap, soap dish, towel and wash cloth
of the patient is able to do himself
Bed pain
Procedure
Wash hands thoroughly to prevent
cross infection
Pour water over the perineum to wash
off the discharges from the perineal area
Hold the swabs with forceps and clean
from above downwards towards the anal canal
Use one swab for one swabbing
Clean the perineum from
the midline outward in the following order – vulva, the labia minora on both
sides, inside of the labia majora on both sides (start cleaning from more clean
area to less clean area)
Clean the perineal region
and the anus thoroughly
Remove the bed pan by supporting the
hip. Turn the patient to one side and dry the buttocks with a dry rag pieces
After Care
Apply the medicine and pad if
necessary
Remove the Mackintosh if an extra one
is used
Change the linen if necessary
Provide comfortable position to the
patient
Clean the articles and replace it in
a proper place
Wash hands thoroughly
Record and report the procedure in a
nurses record sheet
HYGIENE – CARE OF PERINEUM – Purpose, Care, Preliminary Assessment, Equipment, Procedure, After Care
Clothes are closely associated with the personality of a
person and whenever possible, while he is cared for in bed, he should be
encouraged to wear the kind of clothes he would normally wears. When a person
is very sick or disabled, he may have difficulties with dressing and
undressing. In these circumstances, you will either undertake these activities
for the person or, at least, assist him to perform them. The nurse should
always encourage the person to regain the maximum amount of independence as
quickly as possible and the act of dressing is one step towards independence
A person who is unwell usually feels cold more than anyone
due the decrease of activities. It is your duty to ensure that he is dressed
appropriately to keep warm. This is especially so in comatose person who cannot
express his needs. Those who are alert could be quite embarrassed in the
process of been dressed or undressed
In choosing clothes, the following points should be
considered durability, comfort and cheapness. Moreover they should be easily
washable, attractive in appearance and simple. The choice of materials for
clothes is important. Light weight, loosely woven materials are bad conductors
of heat and so are used to conserve the body heat
Cotton is good in warm weather as it easily absorbs
perspiration and quickly dries, so cooling the body. It is reasonably
inexpensive and easy to wash. The choice of colors for clothing is important.
White and light colors are cool whereas darker colors particularly red and
black are warm
Step-wise Procedure for Assisting a Dependent Patient in Dressing
Step 1: perform initial tasks: wash hands and wear gloves. Wish the patient. Explain him that you are going to assist him in dressing
Step 2: teach the correct way to change clothes: in order to trim down th risk of injuries and falls, guide your patient the right procedure to change clothes. It will also help in increasing his level of independence
Step 3: assist in undressing: start undressing the patient on his weaker side. Allow him to remove his clothes at his own. Support him when he asks for your assistance or when you feel the requirement. Put the dirty clothes to the side. Put the clean clothes in such a way that the client can reach them easily
Step 4: monitor carefully: you need to keep a watch on your client minutely in order to prevent him from falling. Ensure that he is able to dress safely. In case, he feels dizzy or fatigued, be prepared to help him/her either to lie or sit down instantly
Step 5: assist in dressing: guide the patient to begin dressing with the strongest side first. Say if, the patient is stronger on the right portion of the body; ask him to put his right arm in the right sleeve, first. Let the client to perform maximum of the task without your help
Step 6: perform final task: put dirty clothes at proper place. Dispose the gloves and rinse your hands
Points to Remember
Ensure that clean clothes should be
within the reach of the patient. Even if your client is able to reach his
clothes, do not allow him to stretch
Begin undressing on the weaker side
of the patient’s body. Dressing must be started with the strongest side first
When the patient completes the task,
put dirty clothes in a proper holder or receptacle
The design of clothes is also
important. They should be well fitting easy to put on and take off. Any
necessary elastic should be sufficiently wide to be comfortable and not too
tight. Underclothing should be frequently changed. Boys and girls as they grow
older should learn to choose their own clothes, should be allowed to develop
their own styles and use colors to suit their own personalities
The most effective teaching is done
by teachers and parents who should get a good example. Damp clothes whether wet
from rain or perspiration should be changed immediately to prevent excessive
chilling of the body
EXERCISE
Physical exercise plays an important part in the maintenance
of health especially in the growing child. The extends of exercise must be
suitable to the age of the individual. Exercise should form a regular part of
the daily program
Importance of Physical Exercise
Physical exercise requires muscle
activity, which in turn needs greater supplies of oxygen and sugar. It results in
the creation of the excessive heat
The demands made by the muscle for
more oxygen and sugar stimulate the respiratory and cardio vascular systems,
generally speeding up activity and so increasing the ventilation of the lungs
and improving the circulation throughout the body
This stimulation enables the brain to
work more efficiently and increases the general resistance of the body to
disease. Proper ventilation of the lungs prevents respiratory infections
Types of Exercise
Active exercises
Passive exercises
General Instruction for Exercise
Regular exercise is necessary
Selection of exercise should be
according to the physical condition
Early morning is the best time for
exercise
Place of exercise should be peaceful,
ventilated and well lit
Duration of the exercise should be
increased gradually but fatigue should be avoided
Laughing is a good and an effective
exercise
HABITS
Habit is a simple form of learning – a change of behavior
with experience. It is defined as “an automatic response to a specific
situation, acquired normally as a result of repetition and learning”. When
behavior is developed to the extent that it is highly automatic, it is called
habit. Generally, habit does not require our conscious attention. The term,
habit is strictly applicable only to motor responses, but often applied more
widely to habits of thought, perhaps more correctly termed attitudes. Many
habits are formed as a result of inborn tendency of young children to copy
others, especially their parents. Good habits can be of use but a person should
not be entirely controlled by habit. It may be necessary to change certain
habits, to cultivate new ones.
Important of Habits
Habits play important role in our daily life. All of us
acquire different habits. They are the part of our life. Habits may be good or
bad. Hard working, writing, reading, regular exercise, meditation, etc. are
examples of good habits. Alcoholism, drug addiction, lethargy, procrastination,
telling lies, dishonesty, stealing, deceiving others, escapism, etc. are
examples of bad habits
Definition of Habit
A habit is defined as an action, at first requiring attention
which comes to be performed without attention if repeated many times – under
similar condition
Types of Healthy Habits
Habits training begin soon after birth. They are best taught
by examples. Some of the important habits which should be taught are, bladder
and bowel control, sleep and rest, dental care, feeding and meal time behavior,
care of the skin, hair and nails, clothing, use of cosmetics, good manners and
general courtesy. While habits may be encouraged, they should never be forced
Basis of Habit Formation
Habit formation may be explained in two terms – physiological
and psychological. The physiological basis is related to our nervous system.
According to this, when an act is repeated more number of times, a clear
nervous connection is formed, leading to a path way. This makes smooth shifting
of nerve energy, may be from sensory to motor.
According to Hull, when a stimulus is repeated and response
is elicited, the connection becomes strengthened. Eventually it brings about an
organization in the nervous system known as habit, otherwise called learning
The psychological theories explain that habits are acquired
dispositions. According to these theories, any learning process or experience
gained by an individual is retained. When this learning experience is repeated,
it is firmly retained. This ability to retain helps us to get a strengthened
and becomes a habit
Common Problems of Bad Habits
Irregular bowl habits results in constipation. A routine,
allowing sufficient time to go the lavatory after breakfast is a good useful
habit, convenient especially when the child starts to go to school
Periodic attacks of constipation, should not give rise to
undue roughage, plenty of fresh fruits and adequate amounts of water will
prevent occasional constipation. Plenty of exercise and fresh air are also
advised.
Regular uses of laxatives are not advisable. Children should be taught to use them properly. There should be facilities for washing hands. r
The word sex denotes whether a person is male or female or
the sex difference, but it is used for sexuality. Sexuality is the quality or
state of being sexual. Sexuality is not merely the difference in sex. It is an
emotion expressing human nature or character
Definition of Sexual Health
Adequate and appropriate knowledge is
essential for healthy practices in sexuality
It helps to adopt and modify suitable
behavior with reference to biological sex, gender identity and gender behavior.
It helps to understand and get
conscious about one’s own sexual feeling and qualities
It helps to keep the health in comfortable
attitude towards different types of sexual behavior
It helps to develop effective
interpersonal relations with both sexes
It protects and prevents the
occurrence of sexually feeling and qualities
It helps to keep the health in
comfortable attitude towards different types of sexual behavior
It helps to develop effective
interpersonal relations with both sexes
It protects and prevents the
occurrence of sexuality transmitted diseases
MENTAL HEALTH
Definition
Mental health is defined as a successful
adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment, evidence by
thoughts, feelings and behaviors that are age appropriate and congruent with
local and cultural norms
Mental health is the balanced
development of a person’s personality and attitude, which makes him capable of
living in harmony with himself and his relatives
According to WHO, mental health
defined as “the capacity in an individual to form harmonious relations with
others and to participate in, or contribute constructively to the changes in
his social a physical environment
Mental Exercise
Small children usually get plenty of mental exercise when
they are learning to do many things for the first time which requires a good
deal of mental and physical coordination. During this period mental growth, we
must see that plenty of rest is possible. All grades of intelligence need
mental exercise
Principles Contributing Mental Health
One should respect his own on others
personality
One should be aware of the
limitations of the self and others and should also have the knowledge of others
abilities
The individual should be evaluated
according to his total behavior
Purposes of Mental Hygiene
Good mental health practices helps to
prevent mental disorders
It helps in preservation of the
mental health of the individual and group
It helps in the discovery and
utilization of therapeutic measures to cure mental illness
Approaches of Mental Hygiene
The preventive approach to adjustment
problems
The therapeutic and preservative
approach
The curative approach
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy Person
Ability to accept oneself others and
human nature
Independence, autonomy and resistance
to enculturation
Ability to achieve satisfactory
interpersonal relationship
Democratic character structure and
strong sense of ethics
Balanced life of work, rest and
recreation
Self-confident and optimistic
The capacity to socially adjust with
others and get along with them in different situations
Mentally healthy will express his
emotions in a desirable and controlled manner
HYGIENE – PATIENT SEX HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH – Definition, Characteristics, Purpose
Private room: bed room with all other toilet facilities
Cubicles: small or large, the partition may be a wall or curtains
General ward: where several patients are placed
Principles of Cleanliness
Plan your work for cleanliness, to
avoid waste of your energy and time
Do dusting after sweeping
Dust with a clean duster
Use a damp dusting for collecting
dust
Soap and water or phenol 1:60
Dusting should be done from top to
bottom
Dusting should be done with firm and
even stroke
Use covered dustbin to collect the
dust and waste material
Growth of bacteria is high in dark,
moist and unclean places. So care should be taken while cleaning the congested
places
Use brush when cleaning grooved
surfaces
Replace all the equipments used for
cleaning
Wash hands after dusting
Types of Cleaning
Daily cleaning: two to three times a
day (floor, articles, furniture, dustbin and cupboards)
Weekly: roof, walls, ceiling fans,
cobwebs
Annually: the ward should be emptied,
repaired, white washed, painted, cleaned and washed
Equipment
Mops/Rags
Brooms/Brushes
Lotions (Detergents and
disinfectants)
Vim and glass cleaner
Newspapers
Basins
Cleaning Activities
Sweep and mop the floor at least
twice a day
Clean the floor with antiseptic
solution
Keep the unit well ventilated and do
not close the top ventilating windows
Dust the walls and roof from time to
time in order to remove cobwebs
Clean the windows and doors regularly
Furniture
Bed steads: dust everyday while
making the bed. Carbolize or wash with soap and water and dry well after
discharge of the patients
Lockers: dust every morning and
evening when tiding the ward. Keep the bed side locker always clean and neat
Cupboards: keep clean and tidy.
Arrange the supplies after drying absolutely. Use naphthalene balls to protect
Bed cradles, back-rests, over bed
tables, chairs and stools are to be cleaned every day. Iron furniture is
cleaned with a dry duster to prevent rusting
Bathrooms: scrub and wash the floors
every day. Avoid stagnation of water on the floors. Dispose the waste material
properly in dustbins
Lavatories: check the flushing system
is in working condition. Clean it with cleaning powder using a brush scrub and
wash the floors daily. Teach the patients and relatives regarding the proper
use of lavatory
Wash basins: clean them twice a day
with cleaning powder using a brush. Remove the spots with some spot removing
agent. Pour boiling water down the wash basin drains every day
Cabinet for sanitary wares: keep the
racks clean, neat and tidy. Store the sanitary wares in racks neat and tidy and
ready for use
Vermin and Insects
Clean the patients unit regularly.
Eliminate all the breeding places. Keep garbage well covered and dispose of all
refuse
Store food properly. Use fly screens on windows and doors
The sanitation of the bed, bedside
cabinet, and general area of the patient care unit with a detergent/germicidal
agent after the patient is discharged or transferred from the nursing care unit
Performed at every patient care unit
before the area is prepared for the next patient
Reasons for Terminal Cleaning of the Patient Care Unit
Prevention of the spread of
microorganisms
Removal of encrusted secretions from
framework or bedside rails
Removal of residue of body wastes
from the mattress
Deodorizing of the bed frame,
mattress, and pillow
Guidelines for Terminal Cleaning
Review wards standard operating
procedure (SOP) for specific procedures
Use only authorized
disinfectant/detergent or germicidal solution for cleaning
Check to ensure the bedside cabinet
is cleared of any valuables belonging to the patient
Check bed linens for personal items
(dentures, contact lenses, money, jewelry, etc.) belonging to the patient
Prevent spread of microorganisms by
carefully removing linen from the bed
Use caution when cleaning the under
frame and bedsprings
Replace any torn mattress or pillow
covers
Allow the mattress and pillow to
air-dry thoroughly before remaking the bed
Rules for use of disposal or non-reusable items:
Do not attempt to reuse (for another
patient) or re-sterilize disposables
Sterile disposables are considered
sterile providing the wrapper is not broken or torn or the expiration date has
not passed
Sterile disposables with torn or
broken wrappers must be discarded
Use disposables for the specific purpose(s) for which they were designed
Follow manufacturer’s directions when using disposables
Terminal Cleaning Procedure
Assemble the equipment in the utility room and take it to the patient unit
Clear the bedside cabinet (and over bed table if used). Check for any personal articles left by the patient and turn them into the ward master. Place all utensils and any reusable treatment equipment on the cart. Discard waste in the waste bucket. Place any unused linen in the unit in the laundry hamper.
Strip the bed. Remove the pillow, placing the pillow on the chair and the pillowcase in the hamper. Lower the Gatch bed. Loosen the bedding all around, walking around the bed and lifting the mattress edge to release the linens without snagging it on the bedsprings
Check to see that no articles are concealed in the linen folds. Roll each piece toward the foot of the bed. Check the pocket of discarded pajamas and bathrobe. Place all linens in the hamper. Fold woolen blankets, if used, and place them on the cart for special laundry
Clean the bed. Wash the top of the plastic mattress cover and inspect it for any tears. Rinse the cloth frequently and use it damp but not dripping wet. Replace any damaged cover. Turn the clean surfaces of the mattress together, toward the head of the bed. Wash the bottom half of the bed frame and all crevices. Lower the Gatch bed at the knee. By grasping the clean fold of the mattress, lift and swing its clean side crosswise on the clean half of the spring and wash the exposed surface
Place the pillow on the unwashed upper half of the spring. Wash the top surface of the pillow. Place the pillow clean side down on the clean mattress surface and wash the other side. Wash the upper spring, raising the head portion of the bed, to complete bed cleansing.
Wash the cabinet, inside and out. Complete the unit cleaning by washing the chair, bed lamp (cord unplugged), signal cord, and over bed table.
If you responsible for the floor, sweep and mop it and wash the windowsills. Wash hands when the cleaning is completed and remake the bed for a new occupant
Discard the waste. If cleaning cloths are to be reused, place them in the laundry hamper
Wash the collected utensils and place them in the utensil boiler (sanitizer) for a 30-minute boiling period. Wash the utility cart and return it to the storage place
Wash hands
Remove the clean utensils from the utensils boiler. Dry and return them to the storage shelf
A binder
bandage is designed for a specific body part for example; the triangular binder
(sling) fits the arm. Binders are used to support large areas of the body, such
as the abdomen, arm or chest.
Binders are
special wide bandages used for supporting specific parts of body and large
dressings.
Binder
(abdominal) is also called many tailed bandage. It is a rectangular piece of
strong cloth with many tails attached to either sides of its. It is commonly used
as abdominal binder for the support of the abdominal musculature
PURPOSE
It is
applied after paracentesis and childbirths in order to maintain the
intra-abdominal pressure and to prevent shock and collapse
To hold dressing in place
To support abdomen and prevent would
dehiscence following abdominal surgery
TYPES
T-binders: they are used to secure dressing on the rectum and perineum and in the groin. The single T-binder is used for female patients and the double T-binder is used for male patients. Select the appropriate binder according to the patient’s gender. Place it underneath the patient smoothly, with the waistband at waist level and the tails pointing down the midline of the back. Bring the waist tails around the patient and overlap. Bring the center tail or tails up between the patient’s legs and over perineal dressings. Make sure the two tails of the double T-binder are on either side of the scrotum and penis.
Sling: a sling is used to support and arm. Most healthcare agencies use commercial strap slings or sleeve slings.
Straight binders: a straight binder is a straight piece of material, usually about 15-20 cm (6-8 inches) wide and long enough to more than circle the torso. It is used for the chest and the abdomen.
Breast binder: to provide pressure on the breast (e.g. when drying up the milk flow after childbirth) or to support the breasts (e.g. after surgery)
EQUIPMENT
Tape measure
Binder of appropriate size
Safety pin/clips
Gloves, if necessary
Dressing materials
Commercial
elastic binders are now commonly used instead of standard cotton straight and
Scultetus binders that require pins. Disposable T-binders are available, and
scrotal supports typically replace binders for male patients, except after
abdominal-perineal resection.
PREPARATION
Check the doctor’s order
Perform hand hygiene and put on
gloves, as needed
Confirm the patient’s identity using
at least two patient identifiers according to your facility’s policy
Provide privacy and explain the
procedure to the patient
Raise the patient’s bed to a
comfortable working height to avoid muscle strain when applying the binder
Position the patient in a supine
position, with his head slightly elevated and his knees slightly flexed to
decrease tension on the abdomen
Assess the patient’s condition
Remove the dressing and inspect the
wound or suture line, if appropriate
Redress the wound and then remove and
discard your gloves
ARM SLING
To make an
arm sling from muslin, fold of cut a 36-ich square of fabric diagonally. Slings
are applied in two ways:
Method 1: with the patient facing you, place one end of the triangle over the unaffected shoulder and the long straight border under the hand of the injured side. Loop upward, positioning the other ends of the triangle over the affected shoulder. Tie or pin the ends to one side of the neck, using a square not, or pin smoothly, using a safety pin. Do not secure a sling at the back of the neck because this could exert pressure. Fold the corner flat and neatly at the elbow, and pin.
Method 2: with the patient facing you, place the sling across the body and underneath the arms. Bring the corner of the sling that is under the unaffected arm to the back. Bring the lower corner up over the affected shoulder to the back, and tie. Fold the sling neatly at the elbow, and pin.
ABDOMINAL BINDER
An abdominal
binder is a wide compression belt that encircles your abdomen. Abdominal
binders come in many sizes and widths. Most are made from elastic and have
Velcro or hook and loop closures. Some abdominal binders offer secondary lumbar
support. Others have straps that hold surgical drainage tubes in place. An
abdominal binder may be used to speed-up the recovery process after abdominal
surgery. Your doctor may recommend that you wear an abdominal binder after:
Cesarean section
Bariatric surgery
Exploratory laparotomy
Hysterectomy
Tummy tuck
Spinal surgery
Uses
A
carefully-positioned abdominal binder may be used in people with spinal cord
injury to help:
Support the abdomen
Maintain abdominal pressure
Improve respiratory function
An abdominal
binder is an important surgical body garment used in the early postoperative
phase of surgeries like an abdominoplasty (tummy tuck) or an abdominal
liposuction. An abdominal binder serves many important functions, especially in
the early postoperative stages of an abdominal surgical procedure. An abdominal
binder provides compression and support to both the upper and lower abdomen. It
helps improve blood circulation and oxygen levels at the operative site,
increases healing and reduces swelling. With all these improvements, the
patient is able to get out of bed sooner and walk around more easily. This
further improves breathing and promotes the healing process and a speedy
recovery.
Other Uses
An abdominal
binder may be indicated and prescribed in other surgical procedures and
situations, such as during pregnancy in certain situations, after the delivery
of a baby and to support weak abdominal muscles due to aging. It may also be
used for obesity or paralysis. Abdominal binders come in sizes from extra-small
to small and medium, large and extra large and extra-extra large.
How to Use
An abdominal
binder is usually applied in the operating room immediately after surgery. The
physician prescribes instruction as to the length of time it should be worn. Usually
for the first two weeks, it is worn constantly, after which it may only be
removed for showers and then replaced. After three weeks, it may need to be
worn only in the daytime. The physician will give instructions based on your
progress. Having two abdominal binders is highly recommended so they can be
interchanged when one is being laundered.
Types
Straight abdominal binder: place the patient in a supine position. Ask the patient to lift upward, using the legs, or roll the patient onto the binder. It should be smooth so that wrinkles do not cause pressure on the patient’s skin. Overlap the edges of the binder snugly over the abdomen. Holding it in place, fasten the binder with safety pins or Velcro.
Scultetus abdominal binder: place the binder underneath the supine patient, being careful to check for underlying wrinkles. Lace the lower tail in a slightly oblique direction up the abdomen. Lace the tail on the opposite side in a similar way. Continue lacing in this interlocking fashion until all the tails have been neatly and securely placed.
Elastic net binder: elastic net binders are used to hold dressings in place and not for support. These binders come in a variety of circumferences. Begin by gathering the net in your hands, stretch it and slip it upward over the feet and legs to the position around the abdomen.
How to Measure
The proper
measurement of the abdominal binder for a comfortable fit that applies the
right amount of compression is important. The measurements and sizing must be
done prior to having the surgical procedures. Measurements are taken next to
the skin without clothing. A stage 1 garment is worn for the first two weeks
postoperatively. It is bigger and less tight to accommodate any initial
swelling. A second stage garment is worn 2-8 weeks postoperatively or longer;
it is a smaller and tighter binder.
Precautions
Individuals who
are allergic to latex should use a latex-free abdominal binder. This will
prevent an allergic reaction, which can include a rash, itching or swelling of
the face, tongue and throat, and shortness of breath and difficulty breathing.
This is a medical emergency. Immediate medical care must be administered if any
of these symptoms occur.
BREAST BINDER
Wash and thoroughly dry under
pendulous breasts. Place 4” multiply 4” gauze pads under breasts, as necessary,
to prevent skin irritation.
Slip the binder under the patient’s
chest so that its lower edge aligns with the waist
Straighten the binder to distribute
it evenly on either side
Place the binder so that the
patient’s nipples are centered in the breast tissue. This position ensures
proper breast alignment and support and produces faster tissue involution.
CONCLUSION
Bandages and
binders protect an underlying wound or dressing, provide pressure, warmth,
support, or immobilization. Most bandages are of a gauze material; binders are
often made of muslin. Bandages or binders need not be sterile when there are
underlying sterile dressings to protect the wound.
Avoid bandaging over wrinkled dressings, which can produce pressure on the wound or skin. Also do not apply bandage or binder over a dressing that appears soiled because this can lead to infection. Approximately after you applied bandage or binder, check the patient for comfort. A bandage or binder that is too tight can interfere with circulation, causing swelling, numbness, tingling, or color changes in the distal are. Bandages are applied on parts from distal to proximal, to facilitate venous return.
Fact tents
can replace oxygen mask when masks are poorly tolerated by clients. When a face
tent alone is used to supply oxygen, the concentration of 2 varies, therefore,
if is often used in conjunction with a venture system. Face tents provide
varying concentration of O2 at 8-10 L/minute
An oxygen tent
consists of canopy over the patient’s bed that may cover the patient fully or
partially and it is connected to a supply of O2 the canopies are
transparent and enables the nurse to observe the patient. The lower part of
canopy is tucked under the bed to prevent the escape of O2. There
are some advantages and disadvantages for using oxygen tent these are:
If provides an environment for
patient with controlled concentration, temperature regulation and humidity control
It allows freedom for free movement
in bed
It creates feeling of isolation
There is an increased chance of fire
It requires much time and effort to
clean and maintain a tent
Loss of desired concentration occurs
each time the tent is opened to provide care for patient
Since it requires high volume of
oxygen, it cannot be made available ordinarily
General Instructions
Since oxygen acts as a drug. It must
be prescribed and administered in specific dose in order to avoid oxygen
toxicity. The dosage of O2 is started in terms of concentration and
rate of flow
When using oxygen cylinder uses a
regulator and humidifiers. The purpose of the regulator is to reduce the
pressure of the O2 in the cylinder to a safer level. The humidifier helps
to saturate the oxygen with water vapor to prevent the drying of the mucus
membranes of respiratory tract
The glass tube should be summered
under the water so that oxygen is bubbled through the water
Every water of the apparatus should
be clean to prevent infection
Use disposable nasal catheters or sterilized rubbed
catheters
Change the nasal catheters at least
every 8 hours or more often
Lubricate the nasal catheter
sparingly while the O2 is flowing. Then hold tip of the catheter in
a glass of H2O to make sure that the terminal holes are not plugged
with lubricant
During the administration of O2
the valve controlling the rate of flow should not be handled if any alternation
is to be made in the flow of O2 first take out the catheter from the
nose and then adjust the valve
Oxygen administration must never be
stopped until the factors that caused hypoxia are reversed
When oxygen therapy is disconnected,
it should be done gradually. The patient is weaned from dependence on oxygen by
reducing the dosage and then administrating it intermittently
For all patients receiving oxygen
inhalation, the temperature should be taken rectally to get an accurate record
of body temperature
When the nurse leaves the patient
even for a short period, she should leave a calling signal near the patient
Pay attention to conditions that can
interfere with the flow of oxygen from the source to the patient. This may
include kinks in the tubing loose connection and faulty humidifying apparatus.
Remember that it is not unusual therapy is generally getting less oxygen than
he would get under normal circumstances
To prevent the deprivation of oxygen
resulting from the depletion of oxygen from the cylinder the nurse should get a
new one ready at hand when the gauge shows about ¼ level of in the pressure
For fear of retrolental fibroplasia
the premature babies are given oxygen inhalation only for a short period at a
very low concentration
Watch the patients receiving oxygen
therapy continuously to detect the early signs of oxygen toxicity
When oxygen is administered through
the nasal catheters, the catheter is not directed distension of abdomen
Since oxygen supports combustion,
fire precautions are to be taken when the oxygen is a flow
Preparation of Patient and Environment
Explain the procedure to the patient
to win his confidence and cooperation. Answer his questions and allay the
anxiety. Explain the sequence of the procedure and tell him how he can
cooperate in the procedure. Explain the purpose of the procedure to the relatives
also
Instruct the patient the family
members and the visitors, if any about the safety precautions required during
the oxygen therapy
Put-up the instructions regarding
fire precautions in the unit
Remove the cigars matches, electric
appliances and other inflammable articles from patient’s unit
Assemble the equipment and arrange
them conveniently in the unit
Place the patient in a comfortable
position (Fowler’s position) to help in the expansion of the lungs
Clear the nostrils, if there is crust
formation
Protect the bed and garments by
spreading the Mackintosh and towel
EQUIPMENT
Oxygen cylinder with its stand and
accessories
Nasal cylinder
Water soluble lubricating jelly
Adhesive tapes
Bowl of water
Flash light and tongue depressor
Normal saline in a container
Kidney tray
Paper bag
Mackintosh
Towel rag pieces in a container
Procedure
Explain the procedures to the patient
and relatives to get the cooperation and win the confidence. What you are going
to do and reassure him. Explain the purpose of procedure.
Put the instructions regarding the
fire precautions in the ward or unit. Instruct the relatives or visitors
regarding safety measures required during the oxygen inhalation
Observe vital signs and breathing
pattern
Collect the necessary articles at the
bedside
Give comfortable position of the
patient
Screen the bed of the patient
Wash hands to prevent cross-infection
Measure catheter from the tip of the
nose to ear label for distance to enter, mark the length with ink
Check the apparatus for working
condition. Open the main valve in an anti-clockwise direction. Observe for
pressure reading on the gauge. Open the wheel valve on the regulator and see
the reading on the meter adjust the flow of O2 2-4 L for adults or
as desired. When the wheel valve is opened the oxygen will start bubbling
through the water in the Wolf’s bottle. Attach the catheter to the connecting
tube oxygen will start bubbling through the water in the Wolf’s bottle. Attach
the catheter to the connecting tube and check the flow of O2 through
the catheter to prevent by dipping it under the water in the bowl
Lubricate the tip of catheter with
water soluble jelly
Bring catheter across cheek and scope
securely with adhesive tape
After Care of the Patient
Be with the patient fill he is at
case
Keep the patient warm and comfortable
Observe the patient’s progress by
assessing vital signs and color
Observe patient’s progress at
specified intervals to make sure that the state of anoxemia is treated
When the O2 is
discontinued. Unscrew regulator liter flow disconnect the catheter and put it
in kidney tray
Clean the catheter, fist with cold
water, then with warm soapy water and finally with clears water bill it for,
3-5 minutes, dry it and store in a cool dry place
All other articles must be cleaned
with soap and clean water dried and then replaced to their usual places
Wash hands
Patient Education
Educate the client and visitors about
the hazard of smoking with oxygen in use
Request other clients in the room and
visitors to smoke in areas provided elsewhere in the hospitals
Educate the patients about the
short-circuit spark of electrical equipment
Educate the patient, about safety
precautions
Complications
The use of contaminated equipment can spread infection in the patient
Fire is a potential hazard when oxygen is administered
If there is no sufficient humidity, there is a chance of drying and irritation of mucus membrane
Prolonged exposure to a high concentration causes damage to the lung tissue and atelectasis
If there are increased oxygen concentration in inspired air, there is a chance of collapse of alveoli
The oxygen therapy may affect eyes
Ulceration, edema and visual impairment, etc, result from the toxic effects of O2 on the cornea and lens of adult
